Top 10 Lessons About Infertility And Artificial Insemination To Learn Before You Hit 30

                                               

What is infertility?

Infertility is described as a condition in which the female partner is unable to conceive even after having regular unprotected intercourse with her male partner for a considerable period of time. In some countries it is referred to as a period of at least 12 months of unprotected sex. Here, unprotected sex means without opting for any contraception means.

Various studies reveal that about half of all the cases of infertility are due to female disorders while at the most 20 percent of all the cases may be attributed to insufficient and unhealthy sperm in male. Remaining 30 percent may be due to a combination of factors both in male and female. 

What is male infertility?

                                               

A man's infertility is mainly due to low quality and insufficient sperm count. If the quantity and quality of the sperm a man ejaculates is low it becomes very difficult even impossible for a woman to conceive. Medical tests are required to ascertain whether a man is infertile because of low quality/quantity of sperm. 

Sperm transport problem is also a major problem to be taken into consideration. About one out of every five infertile men is found to suffer from this. Obstruction in the tubes that leads sperm from the testicles to the penis may render a man to produce semen completely without any sperm. This problem is witnessed in men who underwent Vasectomy Operation in the past and now want more children. 

Reasons for male infertility

• Addition to alcohol, smoking or drugs may significantly reduce sperm production ability of a man and affects the quality of sperm

• Lack of Vitamin C and minerals such as zinc in diet

• Anemia and lack of nutrition

• Use of Anabolic Steroid may lead to testicular shrinkage and infertility

• Rigorous physical activity produces of high level of adrenal steroid hormones and reduces level of testosterone and leads to infertility

• Excessive level of stress, anxiety and sleeplessness

• Use of very tight underwear increases scrotal temperature affecting production of sperm

The above mentioned disorders are not very serious and may be overcome by a change in life style and habits.

Male hormonal disorders

The Hypothalamus-pituitary endocrine system controls hormonal functions that enable testes to produce sperm and properly release the same. The Hypothalamus-pituitary endocrine system may be affected due to:-

• Failure by brain to release gonadotrophic-releasing hormone(GnRH) that boosts hormonal pathway that results in testosterone systhesis and sperm production. Any disorder to release (GnRH) affects the testosterone level and production of sperm.

• Failure by pituitary gland to secrete lutenizing hormone(LH) and follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) required for testosterone and sperm production.

• Failure by leydig cells of testes to produce testosterone in response to (LH) stimulation.

• Production of any other chemical compounds or hormones by a male may interfere and disturb sex hormone balance.

Erection/Ejaculation and other disorders

• Erectile dysfunction(ED)

• Ejaculation incompetence

• Prostate surgery

• Spinal cord injury

• Premature ejaculation

• Damage to nerves

• Side effect of some medicines or steroid

What is female infertility?

                                                 

The most common causes are :-

As we age our fertility also decreases and many problems relating to ovulation may arise. This disorder may be due to :-

• Tumour or cyst in uterus

• Addiction to alcohol or drugs

• Hormonal imbalance

• Thyroid disorder

• Obesity

• Stress, anxiety and depression

• Rigorous physical activities or exercises

• Brief or irregular menstrual cycle

Female infertility may also be due to a damage to the fallopian tubes or uterus. It may be due to :-

• A birth defect

• Pelvic inflammatory disease e.g. an infection of the uterus or fallopian tubes due to STD(sexually transmitted disease)

• Ectopic or tubal pregnancy - a condition when an implanted fertilized egg starts to develop in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus

• Other chronic diseases such as tuberculosis(TB) of the pelvic

Diagnosis

• Urine/Blood test to ascertain hormonal or thyroid disorder or any infection

• Exam of cervical/mucus tissues to check for ovulation disorder

• Exam of the pelvic area

• Check for condition of reproductive organs and blockage/adhesions/scar tissues by inserting laparoscop 

• Ultrasound test to check for condition of uterus and ovaries

• Hysteroscopy - in this type of test a tiny telescope with a fibre light to investigate uterine abnormalities

• HSG - in this test colored liquid is injected into the fallopian tubes, then an x-ray is done to check for blockage

• Sonohystogram - it's a combination of ultrasound and saline injection into the uterus to find out any abnormality

Treatment

• Antibiotics to treat infection

• Hormonal treatment to fix hormonal disorder

• Medications to stimulate normal ovulation

• Following nutritional diet

• Minor surgery may also be required to remove any blockage in the fallopian tubes, uterus or pelvic area

What is artificial insemination?

                                             

Artificial Insemination(AI) involves direct insertion of semen into a woman's womb. This method of fertilization was first tried successfully on livestock. Although, many reasons of infertility are medically treatable, there are some specific circumstances where (AI) becomes necessary :-

• When a woman wants to be a single mother she may go in for AI with a donor's sperm

•  The female is infertile due to 'cervical factor infertility' whereby the cervix cannot produce enough of this mucus or produces mucus containing sperm killing substances

• The male partner is unable to perform sexual intercourse due to impotency(erectile disorder)

• The female becomes allergic to semen when in contact caused by some proteins present in the sperm. (AI) is very effective in these cases as under IUI(intrauterine insemination) method most proteins are removed from sperm before insertion

• The female suffers from 'endometriosis', a condition in which cells from the womb lining start to grow in inappropriate places such as 'ovaries' or 'fallopian tubes' where they should not. Artificial insemination(AI) is very effective in this type of disorder

• The male cannot produce sufficient number of sperm required for fertilization i.e. sperm count is very low in spite of treatment

• The male has become infertile which is 'irreversable' due to some medical treatment e.g. radiotherapy

• The couple belongs to 'same sex group' because same sex marriage has been recognized in many countries today. If two women want to raise a baby, either of them must be artificially inseminated with a donor's sperm

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Want An Easy Fix For Your 7 Exclusive Benefits Of Sex During Pregnancy? Read This!

Benefits of Sex

Sex during pregnancy is absolutely normal though for some mothers sex and pregnancy do not go together. As has been said in our another article 'How To Have Safe Sex During Pregnancy' sex is completely safe and harmless provided the 'mom-to-be' has no other 'complications'. However, sex during pregnancy shouldn't be 'off-limits'. It has been observed that sex extends a host of benefits during pregnancy. They may be summed up as follows :-

• It improves blood circulation : Blood supply in the body should increase during pregnancy as it is essential to meet the requirements of both the mother and the baby. A sluggish circulation affects the development of 'foetus'. Sex improves this condition by significantly increasing blood supply to the entire body including the 'pelvic' area thus supplying more oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby. 

• Improved Satisfaction & Orgasm : Progesterone and Estrogen are two hormones that are mainly responsible for the enhancement of sexual urge among pregnant women. Most couples admit they have far better pleasure and orgasm during pregnancy. Increased level of estrogen ensures enough supply of blood to the pelvic area thus increasing sexual appetite. Nipples grow harder and other sensual areas become more sensitive leading to orgasm never felt before. 

                                                    

• Stronger Pelvic Muscles : More supply of blood to the pelvic area ensures stronger pelvic muscles. Strong pelvic muscles enable a woman to handle arduous labor pain more easily and efficiently. 

• Prevents Preeclampsia : Preeclampsia is a typical disorder faced by women during pregnancy only. High blood pleasure (gestational hypertension) and protein in urine are usually indicative of preeclampsia. While there is treatment for this type of disorder with medication, diet control and other lifestyle changes, it has been noticed that sex during pregnancy significantly reduces the probability factor of preeclampsia among pregnant moms. 

                                                          

• Powerful Immunity : A pregnant woman may become prone to viral attack and infections due to weak immunity. Sex helps to reverse this situation by enhancing level of  lgA antibodies that boost immunity. 

• Sound Sleep & Relaxation : Joyful sex life creates strong bonding among couples and high endorphins help mothers to fight fatigue, other nagging symptoms of pregnancy and ensures sound sleep for mothers. 

                                                   

• Better Bonding : Endorphins released during sex in pregnancy make both the mother and baby happier by reducing level of stress. Besides, production of oxytocin another hormone is responsible for love, affection and strong attachment among partners. Oxytocin also helps the mother to progress with pregnancy without complications and bear the arduous labor pain. 

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Top 7 Lessons About Home Pregnancy Test To Learn Before You Hit 30

                                                   

Home Pregnancy Test

A home pregnancy test is done to detect presence of 'human chorionic gonadotrophin(hCG)' hormone in urine. When a 'fertilized egg' is implanted in the uterus the body starts to produce (hCG) hormone indicating the ensuing formation of the 'placenta'. The presence of this hormone is easily detectable in urine from six to fourteen days after fertilization. 

The hCG hormone tend to rise fast during the first few days after fertilization takes place and may be detected before or on the first day period is due. Although, in some cases, test may indicate negative during the first few days as the hCG may not have reached such level that it can be detected. 

Therefore, if the first period is missed and the first test is negative, it is advisable to wait for a few more days before going for a second test. 

When Should I Test ?

Some modern test kits available in the market are sensitive enough to detect even low level of hCG in urine as early as four days before period is due or seven days after conception. However, testing so early may face with a false negative result too. Most kits will produce accurate result if the test is carried out at the time normal period would be due about two weeks after ovulation. 

Although the test may be carried out at any time of the day but use of sample of the first urine in the morning is usually recommended as the level of hCG gets more concentrated overnight. Women suffering from 'irregular period' may find it harder to calculate the actual date when next mensuration is due. In this case, an average of the last few months cycle or the recent longest cycle period may be taken into consideration. 

How Should I Use A Home Pregnancy Test 

First read the instruction carefully before conducting a test with any brand. The test is carried out with a sample of urine, preferably the first urine in the morning. For some types, a few drops of urine is poured on the 'test stick' with the help of a dropper, for others the 'test strip' is dipped into a sample of urine collected in a small cup or bowl. 

The way the result is displayed varies from brand to brand. Some produce + or - sign indicating positive or negative. For some brands a pink or blue line appears on the 'test strip'. Some latest digital kits even produce words like 'pregnant' or 'not pregnant' as well as number of weeks of conception.


                                                               

                                                                

                                               

Does Home Pregnancy Test Produce Accurate Result ?

A home test is capable of producing accurate result provided the instructions contained therein are followed accordingly. 

Is There A Possibility Of False Negative ?

Yes, there is a possibility of getting a 'false negative' only because of a low level of hCG hormone in the urine. This may happen if the test is carried out too early i.e. even before the due date of next 'menstruation cycle'. One out of every 10 women may have a very low level of hCG after missing a period. 

Thus, if the first test produces a 'negative result' and you still suspect that you are pregnant, it is better to wait for a few days more before going for a second test. By this time, the hCG is likely to rise to sufficient level to be detected by the test. 

Is There Any Other Way Of Detection ?

Yes, a blood test is usually more sensitive than a urine test and can confirm presence of hCG hormone from about six to eight days after ovulation. Doctors usually never prescribe a blood test before the due date of the next menstruation cycle.

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Things That Make You Love And Hate Sex During Pregnancy

                                             

There is nothing wrong to enjoy sex during pregnancy if the 'mom-to-be' is absolutely normal and has got no other serious complications.  Sexual intimacy is completely safe, harmless and absolutely normal subject to certain exceptions. Of course, there might be little difference in your approach to sex during this important phase in your life. You may feel a certain level of discomfort or uneasiness. Remember, it is not going to be just as easy as it had been before getting conceived. Still you will be able to enjoy it with your partner provided both of you are cooperative and have a feeling for each other. 

                                                     

  

Although, sex is safe and beneficial to normal mothers but it will possibly be restricted by doctors if the mother belongs to the 'high risk group' or suffer from the following disorders :-

• Placenta Previa 

• History of Miscarriage

• Vaginal Bleeding

• History of Preterm Labor 

Other factors that may restrict sex and may develop during pregnancy are :-

• Gestational Diabetes ( diabetes that develop during pregnancy )

• Preeclampsia ( very high blood pressure during pregnancy )

• HEELP Syndrome ( serious blood clotting disorder )

• Multiples ( carrying more than one baby )

Barring the above circumstances, sex may be obviously exciting during pregnancy subject to certain changes and adjustments. Let's see how :- 

                                                   

During the first trimester

First trimester is always considered to be the most delicate and critical part of pregnancy. During this phase the body gets easily exhausted and the energy level dwindles. Your partner must understand that without sufficient energy you are less interested in sex and doing it still will be a load on your health which is never welcome. That's why abstentions from sex during the first trimester is always advisable. However, if you go on adventure during this period, take the following precautions :-

• Use of condom not only prevents infections but also STD (sexually transmitted disease)

• Many couples disclosed that foreplay, casual hugging and masturbation are more enjoyable than actual intercourse during this period. So, this may be considered to be an alternative.

• If any abdominal cramp or uneasiness are felt during sex, stop it at once.

• If you have been advised by doctors against sex during this period, disregarding this will be a blunder.

                                                   

During the second trimester

Two hormones namely progesterone and estrogen are behind the increased appetite for sex during pregnancy in women. During this period, with the progress of hormonal changes, the body becomes highly energised and responsive to sexual alertness. A sudden surge in sexual desire is not at all an indication of an abnormality. So, sex can be a source of fun and joy for both of you during this period. Enjoying sex during the second trimester may not be very comfortable as the abdomen protrudes out noticeably. 

There are certain comfortable styles you may try :-

• This is called lazy sex positions or spooning. Both of the partners lie down side by side with the male partner behind the female partner and penetrating from behind. This is fairly a easy sex position and puts no pressure on the belly. 

• Lying flat with the female partner on top : This position is ideal during pregnancy as it puts no pressure on belly and the female has overall control of speed and depth.  

During the third trimester

As pregnancy progresses into the third trimester it is always ideal to desist from sexual activity. If required at all, some precautions must be followed :-

• Keep speed and pace slow

• If any abdominal cramp, heaviness or fatigue is experienced - refrain from doing this

• Indulge in indirect sexual act

• Refrain from any sort of sexual activity four weeks prior to labor 

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Sex During Pregnancy

We need sex as we need food to live. Sex has many positive benefits to offer. Many couples are confused and ignorant about this during this critical period. As long as the mother has no serious complications, sex is not a thing to worry about. Studies have shown that in a normal pregnancy, there is absolutely no link between having sex and premature birth. 

It has also been observed that having sex is not in any way linked to miscarriage and vaginal infections. However, fatigue, nausea, hormone level fluctuations and breast tenderness may dampen the spirit of enjoying sex.  

Generally 'to be mothers' are always apprehensive of enjoying sex during pregnancy. What worry the mothers most is the safety of the baby. The reasons may be summarized as follows :

• Fear That The Baby Might Be Hit On The Head : It has been observed that most of the mothers suffer from this unreasonable fear. The baby remains safe in the amniotic fluid and is well protected by the strong muscles of the uterus. No penis is long enough to hurt a foetus  or get even close to it. The thick mucus plug that seats cervix helps guard against infections. Sexual activity cannot cause any harm to the baby, though it may be uncomfortable. 

• Fear About Miscarriage : Many couples are afraid that orgasm may trigger a miscarriage or premature labor pain. But to medical experts, as long as the foetus develops normally, miscarriage is a remote possibility. It is true uterus contract during orgasm specially when you have a powerful one. This contraction of uterus can never trigger a labor pain or miscarriage. If you do not fall in the 'high risk group'  and you are not suffering from a serious problem of 'placenta' there is not need at all to deprive yourself of the pleasure. 

• Fear About Infection : As told earlier, the baby remains safe in the amniotic sac protected against infections but provided your partner does not carry any STD(sexually transmitted disease). So, a mother should be very careful about this risk when she is planning some adventure during pregnancy. Besides, anal sex is also a very risky affair during pregnancy as harmful bacteria from rectum may spread through vagina and anal penetration is not a normal way of enjoying sex. 

Is Sex As Enjoyable As In Normal Times? 

It differs from woman to woman. Many women feel their clitoris is less sensitive during pregnancy than in normal condition. Some report that sex leaves them with an uncomfortable full feeling after it is over. Some women say they cannot reach orgasm as easily as they could during normal times. 

Some pregnant women find sex painful during pregnancy specially when the penetration is deep and they discourage their partners to do it. However, this problem may be overcome by changing sexual positions. Sex during pregnancy can heighten pleasure also because of increased blood flow to the pelvic area and there are a number of women who admit they enjoy it. 

Women also report that during orgasm they can feel the baby move around more. This is because of the heart increasing blood flow during orgasm and not because of the baby is highly at discomfort. Abdominal cramps may also be experienced after an orgasm and may lead to a number of contractions. 

After a little while, it will be over and the uterus will be at ease. This may be the case specially in the third trimester. Some couples disclosed that during pregnancy they find foreplay, masturbation and oral sex more enjoyable than direct intercourse. So, this may be an alternative too. 

Some women enquire if oral sex is safe during pregnancy. Doctors say 'Yes', but tell your partner never to blow air into your vagina as this may cause a 'blockage' of a blood vessel and may be fatal for the baby.

 Restrictions On Sex During Pregnancy

Although sex is safe during pregnancy for normal mothers but sex will possibly be restricted by the Doctor if your belong to the 'high risk group'  or under the following circumstances :- 

• If you are suffering from 'placenta previa'

• If you have a history of 'miscarriages'

• If you experience occasional 'vaginal bleeding'

• If you have a history of 'preterm labor'

Other factors that may restrict sex and may develop during pregnancy

• Gestational Diabetes ( Diabetes that develop during pregnancy )

• Preeclampsia ( very high blood pressure during pregnancy )

• HELLP Syndrome ( serious blood clotting disorder )

• Multiples ( carrying more than one baby )

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Does How To Become Mother With IVF Sometimes Make You Feel Stupid?

Be Mother With IVF

Today thousands of children are born every year with the help of this procedure. IVF is a way or method of 'fertilization' available to mothers who cannot conceive by other means. Many couples are having the joy of having children using 'IVF' . Four primary steps are involved to carry out this procedure :

#1) Ovulation Induction : To perform IVF, the first and foremost condition is a number of (generally 8 to 15) healthy and high quality eggs from the 'mom-to-be'. The doctor examines the health of the ovaries to assess whether they are producing normal healthy eggs and also check whether levels of related hormones are normal. 

                                                   

  

The next most important thing is the monitoring of your 'ovulation cycle'  by the doctor. Any irregularity detected is first treated with medications. Usually, most women need 'fertility medicines' to stimulate production of eggs by the ovaries. If the woman cannot produce any eggs then the alternative is 'donor eggs'. 

#2) Egg Retrieval : Eggs develop in fluid filled structures in the ovaries named 'follicles' and remain loosely attached to the follicle wall. During the retrieval process pain relieving medications are applied to avoid discomfort to the woman. Sometimes, 'anesthesia' injections are used also so that the woman doesn't feel anything during the process. 

                                                   

Then, with the help of ultrasound guidance a very thin needle is passed through the upper vaginal wall into the ovaries. Fluid is collected from the follicles and the eggs are isolated from the fluid in the IVF lab. The eggs are then identified and placed in 'culture dish' containing nutrient media and placed in 'IVF incubators' under ideal environmental conditions.

#3) Fertilization and Embryo Culture :  Next thing to be done in IVF is fertilization of the egg. A sperm sample is collected either from the partner or a donor. Under standard insemination approximately 50,000 to 100,000 sperms are transferred to the dish containing the eggs and mixed with the eggs in a special chamber. 

                                                        

Fertilization takes place in approximately 16 to 18 hours and continuous monitoring goes on. The eggs so fertilized are called 'zygotes'. After two/three days sufficient number of healthy 'embryos' are selected and transferred to the next stage for further development called 'blastocyst'. This stage of culture has higher potential for implantation and significantly reduces chance of 'multiple pregnancy'. 

A lab grading system is used by the embryologist to decide on which and how many healthiest embryos are to be selected for implantation based on their development and appearance. 

#4) Transfer and Implantation : 

                                                     

This is the last and final step of 'In Vitro Fertilization' procedure. Day 3 'embryos' contain approximately 4 to 8 cells and are called 'cleavage stage embryos'. Whereas, day 5 'embryos' are called 'blastocyst embryos' and they are more developed and have increased size. Embryo transfer is a simple procedure and doesn't involve any 'anesthesia'. They are transferred via a soft catheter through the cervix into the uterine cavity. Generally, doctors advise one or two days rest after successful completion of IVF.   

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